Die von Bill Gates finanzierte Firma Terrapower erforscht in Zusammenarbeit mit Toshiba die klimafreundliche Energiegewinnung mittels Mini-Atomkraftwerken.
Mit der Entwicklung dieser Mini-Reaktoren, so genannter Traveling Wave Reactors (zu deutsch: Laufwellenreaktoren), verfolgt Terrapower nach eigenen Angaben das Ziel, die Energieprobleme der Welt zu lösen. Der Vorteil von Laufwellenreaktoren soll darin liegen, dass sie jahrzehntelang mit nur einer Ladung Brennelemente auskommen und kaum einer Wartung bedürfen. Dies wiederum habe dann zur Folge, dass sich die Frage nach der Lagerung alter Brennstäbe erübrige.
Konkret sieht das Prinzip des Laufwellenreaktors wie folgt aus: Er benötigt lediglich eine geringe Menge angereicherten Urans und kann ansonsten mit abgereichertem bzw. natürlich vorkommendem Uran betrieben werden.
Durch eine langsame Wanderung der Kernspaltungszone durch den Brennstoffkern, wird das abgereicherte Uran während des Betriebs in Plutonium -239 verwandelt und im Inneren umgehend wieder zur Energiegewinnung genutzt. Mit Hilfe konventioneller Dampfturbinen wird die dabei entstehende Wärme in Elektrizität umgewandelt.
Zwar wird auch in herkömmlichen Atomkraftwerken Plutonium erzeugt, jedoch muss dies in einem äußerst aufwendigen chemischen Prozess aus den Brennstäben herausgezogen werden. Außerdem macht dieser Vorgang die Verwendung des Plutoniums für Atomwaffen möglich, was bei einem Laufwellenreaktor schlichtweg undenkbar ist.
Stimmt die Berechnung von Terrapower, so kann der globale Vorrat an abgereichertem Uran im Falle eines Einsatzes in den noch zu entwickelnden Mini-Reaktoren die gesamte Menschheit bis zu zehntausend Jahre lang mit Strom versorgen, selbst wenn der Pro-Kopf-Verbrauch so überdurchschnittlich hoch liege, wie der in den Vereinigten Staaten.
Momentan ist die Entwicklung des Laufwellenreaktors allerdings noch graue Theorie, denn auch Terrapower hat den Meiler bis dato lediglich mittels Supercomputern simuliert. Jedoch habe man, so ein Sprecher des Unternehmens, mit Hilfe der Simulation den Beweis antreten können, dass eine Welle der Kernspaltung, die langsam den Brennstoffkern durchwandert, im Stande sei, über einen Zeitraum von 50 bis 100 Jahren kontinuierlich eine Milliarde Watt zu erzeugen und das ohne Anreicherung oder Wiederaufbereitung.
Terrapower rechnet bis 2040 mit der ersten Inbetriebnahme eines Laufwellenreaktors.
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